What is the difference between processed foods and 'ultra-processed'? Which category does dairy fall into?

Last updated 31/01/2025

Nowadays, practically all food is processed in some way. To judge a food simply because it is 'processed' is not meaningful.¹

However, a Brazilian research group reviewed the literature and found links to levels of food processing and chronic disease, including obesity and heart disease.² They created a classification system known as NOVA classification. More information on this system can be found here

NOVA classifies all foods into four groups.³ One of these, termed ultra-processed foods, is made up of snacks, drinks, ready meals and many other product types formulated mostly or entirely from substances extracted from foods or derived from food constituents. The three other NOVA food groups are unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods.

According to these categories, dairy foods are broadly classified as follows:

• Milk and plain yoghurt fall into the unprocessed or minimally processed food group
• Cheeses which are processed simply and not packaged are considered processed foods

Dairy foods that undergo further processing and use of sugars or additives such as flavoured milk and yoghurt may be considered ultra-processed.

While milk, cheese and yoghurt undergo various levels of processing, the Australian Dietary Guidelines recognise the nutrient density of milk, cheese and yoghurt and positive health benefits. The national guidelines recommend daily consumption of these foods to reduce the risk of various chronic diseases.⁴ Highly processed foods that aren’t nutrient dense, such as chips, lollies and other discretionary foods should be limited.

The fact that milk, cheese and yoghurt all undergo some kind of processing makes them safe to eat, extends shelf life and gives them their distinct taste and even health benefits.

For more information on the Australian Dietary Guidelines and how much milk, cheese and yoghurt you need daily visit: https://dairy.com.au/health/recommended-dairy-intake